{"id":13696,"date":"2021-09-25T11:31:54","date_gmt":"2021-09-25T11:31:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/?p=13696"},"modified":"2026-03-22T19:44:59","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T19:44:59","slug":"a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/","title":{"rendered":"A Quick Guide to Punctuation for Non-Native Researchers"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#The_Period\" >The Period (.)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#The_Comma\" >The Comma (,)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#The_Semicolon\" >The Semicolon (;)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#The_Colon\" >The Colon (:)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#Parentheses\" >Parentheses ( )<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#Quotation_Marks_%E2%80%9D_%E2%80%9C\" >Quotation Marks (&#8221; &#8220;)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#The_Apostrophe_%E2%80%98\" >The Apostrophe (&#8216;)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#The_Slash\" >The Slash (\/)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#Further_Reading\" >Further Reading<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#What_is_the_difference_between_a_comma_and_a_semicolon\" >What is the difference between a comma and a semicolon?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#Should_I_use_the_Oxford_comma_in_academic_writing\" >Should I use the Oxford comma in academic writing?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#When_should_I_use_quotation_marks_in_academic_writing\" >When should I use quotation marks in academic writing?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/#Is_it_acceptable_to_use_contractions_in_academic_writing\" >Is it acceptable to use contractions in academic writing?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div id=\"bsf_rt_marker\"><\/div><p><!-- KEY TAKEAWAYS --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f9ff; border-left:4px solid #1B4FD8; border-radius:8px; padding:24px 28px; margin-bottom:32px; font-family:-apple-system,sans-serif;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 14px 0; font-weight:700; font-size:16px; color:#1e293b;\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0; padding-left:20px; color:#334155; font-size:14px; line-height:1.9;\">\n<li>Commas, semicolons, and colons are the three punctuation marks that cause the most errors in academic manuscripts. Knowing when to use each prevents run-on sentences and misplaced pauses.<\/li>\n<li>Semicolons join two closely related independent clauses. If the clauses are not related, use a period instead.<\/li>\n<li>Colons introduce lists, explanations, or elaborations. The text before a colon must be a complete sentence.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/inquire\/\">Quotation<\/a> marks in academic writing are primarily used for direct quotes and technical terms on first use, not for emphasis.<\/li>\n<li>Punctuation rules vary between style guides (APA, Chicago, AMA). Always check your target journal&#8217;s conventions. <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/academic-proofreading-editing\/\" style=\"color:#1B4FD8;\">PM Proofreading&#8217;s editing service<\/a> ensures consistent punctuation throughout your manuscript.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Punctuation errors rarely make a manuscript incomprehensible, but they do make it harder to read. A misplaced comma changes the rhythm of a sentence. A missing semicolon creates a run-on. Incorrect use of colons, parentheses, or quotation marks signals to reviewers that the manuscript has not been carefully edited.<\/p>\n<p>For non-native English speakers, punctuation is especially tricky because the rules differ between languages. German uses commas before every subordinate clause. Chinese uses different quotation mark styles. Arabic, Hebrew, and other right-to-left languages have entirely different punctuation conventions. If you translate your punctuation habits directly from your first language, errors will follow.<\/p>\n<p>This guide covers the punctuation marks used in academic English, with a focus on the ones that cause the most problems in research manuscripts.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Period\"><\/span>The Period (.)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The period ends a declarative sentence. It is the most basic punctuation mark, and errors are rare. However, non-native speakers sometimes place periods incorrectly after abbreviations. In modern academic English, abbreviations like &#8220;et al.&#8221; use a period, but abbreviated units (kg, mL, cm) do not. Check your style guide for specific cases.<\/p>\n<p>Use a single space after a period, not two. The two-space convention is a holdover from typewriter-era formatting and is no longer standard in any major style guide.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Comma\"><\/span>The Comma (,)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The comma is the most frequently misused punctuation mark in academic writing. Its primary function is to separate elements within a sentence and to indicate a natural pause.<\/p>\n<p><strong>After introductory elements.<\/strong> &#8220;After completing the data collection, we began the analysis.&#8221; &#8220;However, the results were inconclusive.&#8221; Always place a comma after introductory words, phrases, or clauses.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In compound sentences.<\/strong> When two independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet), place a comma before the conjunction. &#8220;The sample size was adequate, and the results were statistically significant.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>In lists.<\/strong> &#8220;The study examined age, gender, and education level.&#8221; The comma before &#8220;and&#8221; in a list is the Oxford comma (also called the serial comma). APA and Chicago style require it. AP style does not. In academic writing, the Oxford comma is strongly recommended because it prevents ambiguity. For a detailed discussion, see our post on the <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-how-do-we-use-it\/\">Oxford comma<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>With non-restrictive clauses.<\/strong> &#8220;The participants, who were recruited from three universities, completed an online survey.&#8221; The commas indicate that &#8220;who were recruited from three universities&#8221; is additional information, not essential to identifying the participants. If the clause is restrictive (essential to the meaning), do not use commas: &#8220;Participants who scored below 50 were excluded.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Do not use a comma to join two independent clauses without a conjunction. &#8220;The results were significant, further research is needed&#8221; is a comma splice. Fix it with a period, a semicolon, or a conjunction.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Semicolon\"><\/span>The Semicolon (;)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The semicolon has two main uses in academic writing. First, it joins two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction. &#8220;The first experiment failed to replicate the original findings; the second experiment produced consistent results.&#8221; The clauses must be related. If they are not, use a period.<\/p>\n<p>Second, it separates items in a complex list where the items themselves contain commas. &#8220;The study was conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Bangkok, Thailand.&#8221; Without semicolons, this sentence would be confusing.<\/p>\n<p>Do not use a semicolon before &#8220;and&#8221; or &#8220;but&#8221; in a standard compound sentence. That is the comma&#8217;s job.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Colon\"><\/span>The Colon (:)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The colon introduces something: a list, an explanation, an elaboration, or a quotation. The text before the colon must be a complete sentence. &#8220;The study had three objectives: to identify, to measure, and to evaluate.&#8221; Not: &#8220;The three objectives were: to identify&#8230;&#8221; (because &#8220;The three objectives were&#8221; is not a complete sentence without what follows).<\/p>\n<p>In academic writing, colons are most commonly used to introduce lists, to introduce a block quotation, and between a title and subtitle. &#8220;Climate Adaptation in Informal Settlements: A Case Study of Manila.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Parentheses\"><\/span>Parentheses ( )<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Parentheses enclose supplementary information that is useful but not essential to the sentence. In academic writing, their most common uses are for in-text citations (Smith, 2021), for abbreviations on first use (&#8220;the World Health Organization (WHO)&#8221;), and for brief clarifications (&#8220;the second phase (data analysis) took three months&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>Avoid overusing parentheses. If the information in parentheses is important enough to include, consider whether it should be integrated into the sentence instead. Too many parenthetical insertions make sentences choppy and difficult to follow.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quotation_Marks_%E2%80%9D_%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>Quotation Marks (&#8221; &#8220;)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In academic writing, quotation marks are used for direct quotations from other sources (with a citation), for technical terms or coined phrases on first use (&#8220;the concept of &#8216;bounded rationality'&#8221;), and for titles of articles and chapters (in some citation styles). They are not used for emphasis. If you want to emphasise a word, use italics. Writing &#8220;very&#8221; important (with quotation marks) actually implies scepticism about the importance, which is the opposite of emphasis.<\/p>\n<p>American English uses double quotation marks (&#8221; &#8220;) as the default. British English uses single quotation marks (&#8216; &#8216;). Check your journal&#8217;s convention. For nested quotations, alternate: &#8216;She said, &#8220;The results were significant.&#8221;&#8216;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Apostrophe_%E2%80%98\"><\/span>The Apostrophe (&#8216;)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The apostrophe has two main functions: indicating possession and forming contractions. In academic writing, contractions are generally avoided (write &#8220;do not&#8221; instead of &#8220;don&#8217;t&#8221;), so the primary use is possessive.<\/p>\n<p>For singular nouns, add &#8216;s: &#8220;the researcher&#8217;s findings.&#8221; For plural nouns ending in s, add only the apostrophe: &#8220;the participants&#8217; responses.&#8221; For plural nouns not ending in s, add &#8216;s: &#8220;the children&#8217;s performance.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>A common error is confusing &#8220;its&#8221; (possessive: &#8220;the study and its limitations&#8221;) with &#8220;it&#8217;s&#8221; (contraction of &#8220;it is&#8221;). In academic writing, you will almost always need &#8220;its.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Slash\"><\/span>The Slash (\/)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The slash is used sparingly in academic writing. It appears in &#8220;and\/or,&#8221; in fractions (1\/4), and in some compound terms (input\/output). Avoid using it as a substitute for &#8220;or&#8221; in running text. &#8220;The researcher\/participant relationship&#8221; is less clear than &#8220;the relationship between researcher and participant.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Punctuation is a small detail that has a large impact on readability. The comma, semicolon, and colon are the three marks that cause the most errors in academic manuscripts by non-native speakers. Master the rules for these three, and most of your punctuation problems will disappear.<\/p>\n<p style=\"background:#eff6ff; padding:16px 22px; border-radius:8px; font-size:14px; line-height:1.7; margin:28px 0;\">\n  <strong>Need your punctuation and grammar checked before submission?<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/academic-proofreading-editing\/\" style=\"color:#1B4FD8; font-weight:600;\">PM Proofreading&#8217;s journal editing service<\/a> covers punctuation, grammar, sentence structure, and academic tone. <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/inquire\/\" style=\"color:#1B4FD8; font-weight:600;\">Upload your manuscript and get a quote.<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Further_Reading\"><\/span>Further Reading<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/overall-english-grammar-review-for-non-native-researchers\/\">Overall English Grammar Review for Non-Native Researchers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash\/\">Hyphen, En Dash, and Em Dash: What Is the Difference?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-how-do-we-use-it\/\">What Is the Oxford Comma and How Do We Use It?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/\">Capitalization Rules in English: A Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_difference_between_a_comma_and_a_semicolon\"><\/span>What is the difference between a comma and a semicolon?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A comma separates elements within a sentence: items in a list, introductory phrases, or clauses joined by a conjunction. A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction. If you can replace the semicolon with a period and both sentences still work, the semicolon is correct. If one side is not a complete sentence, use a comma or colon instead.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Should_I_use_the_Oxford_comma_in_academic_writing\"><\/span>Should I use the Oxford comma in academic writing?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Yes, in most cases. APA, Chicago, and most academic style guides require the Oxford comma (the comma before &#8220;and&#8221; in a list of three or more items). It prevents ambiguity. &#8220;The study examined age, gender, and income&#8221; is clearer than &#8220;age, gender and income,&#8221; which could be misread as treating &#8220;gender and income&#8221; as a single item.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_should_I_use_quotation_marks_in_academic_writing\"><\/span>When should I use quotation marks in academic writing?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Use quotation marks for direct quotes from sources (with a citation), for technical terms or coined phrases on first use, and for article or chapter titles in some citation styles. Do not use quotation marks for emphasis. Use italics instead. Quotation marks around a word for emphasis can imply scepticism or irony, which is usually not the intended effect.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_it_acceptable_to_use_contractions_in_academic_writing\"><\/span>Is it acceptable to use contractions in academic writing?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>No, contractions (don&#8217;t, can&#8217;t, it&#8217;s, won&#8217;t) are generally avoided in formal academic writing. Write the full forms: do not, cannot, it is, will not. Some style guides and journals are becoming more relaxed about this, but the safe default for journal submissions and theses is to avoid contractions entirely.<\/p>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference between a comma and a semicolon?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A comma separates elements within a sentence. A semicolon joins two related independent clauses without a conjunction. If you can replace the semicolon with a period and both sides work, the semicolon is correct.\"}},\n    {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Should I use the Oxford comma in academic writing?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. APA, Chicago, and most academic style guides require it. It prevents ambiguity in lists of three or more items.\"}},\n    {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When should I use quotation marks in academic writing?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"For direct quotes with citations, technical terms on first use, and article titles in some styles. Not for emphasis - use italics instead.\"}},\n    {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is it acceptable to use contractions in academic writing?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Write full forms (do not, cannot, it is). Contractions are avoided in formal academic writing across most disciplines.\"}}\n  ]\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Takeaways Commas, semicolons, and colons are the three punctuation marks that cause the most errors in academic manuscripts. Knowing when to use each prevents run-on sentences and misplaced pauses. Semicolons join two closely related independent clauses. If the clauses are not related, use a period instead. Colons introduce lists, explanations, or elaborations. The text [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16351,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_gspb_post_css":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_glsr_average":0,"_glsr_ranking":0,"_glsr_reviews":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[227],"tags":[244,242,239,243],"class_list":["post-13696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-language-and-grammar-rules","tag-comma-use","tag-grammar","tag-grammar-rules","tag-punctuation"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"_wp_attached_file":null,"_wp_attachment_metadata":null,"siteground_optimizer_optimization_attempts":null,"siteground_optimizer_is_optimized":null,"_wp_attachment_context":null,"_wp_attachment_backup_sizes":null,"siteground_optimizer_optimization_failed":null,"siteground_optimizer_is_converted_to_webp":null,"_oembed_5fe54f90f27dc9a6af799bc8ae6b6963":null,"_trp_automatically_translated_slug_zh_CN":null,"_trp_automatically_translated_slug_hi_IN":null,"_trp_automatically_translated_slug_ur":null,"siteground_optimizer_original_filesize":null,"siteground_optimizer_compression_level":null,"_content_slider_settings":null,"_nav_button":null,"_slide_by":null,"_arrow_position":null,"_arrow_size":null,"_dot_nav":null,"_bullet_position":null,"_bullet_size":null,"_bullet_shape":null,"_nav_color":null,"_nav_active_color":null,"_autoplay":null,"_autoplay_pause":null,"_autoplay_timeout":null,"_autoplay_speed":null,"_items":null,"_items_desktop":null,"_items_small_desktop":null,"_items_portrait_tablet":null,"_items_small_portrait_tablet":null,"_items_portrait_mobile":null,"_slide_type":null,"_wpdh_image_ids":null,"_post_query_type":null,"_post_date_after":null,"_post_date_before":null,"_posts_per_page":null,"_post_order":null,"_post_orderby":null,"_product_query_type":null,"_product_query":null,"_products_per_page":null,"_product_title":null,"_product_rating":null,"_product_price":null,"_product_cart_button":null,"_product_onsale":null,"_product_wishlist":null,"_product_quick_view":null,"_product_title_color":null,"_product_button_bg_color":null,"_product_button_text_color":null,"_video_url":null,"_show_attachment_title":null,"_show_attachment_caption":null,"_image_target":null,"_image_lightbox":null,"_image_size":null,"_lazy_load_image":null,"_margin_right":null,"_inifnity_loop":null,"_stage_padding":null,"_auto_width":null,"_post_categories":null,"_post_tags":null,"_post_in":null,"_images_urls":null,"sf_client_link_same_window":null,"_yoast_wpseo_primary_clients-category":null,"ml-slider_type":null,"ml-slider_inherit_image_title":null,"ml-slider_inherit_image_alt":null,"ml-slider_crop_position":null,"ml-slider_caption_source":null,"ml-slider_url":null,"ml-slider_new_window":null,"ml-slider_settings":null,"metaslider_slideshow_theme":null,"_menu_item_type":null,"_menu_item_menu_item_parent":null,"_menu_item_object_id":null,"_menu_item_object":null,"_menu_item_target":null,"_menu_item_classes":null,"_menu_item_xfn":null,"_menu_item_url":null,"_menu_is_naturalwidth":null,"_menu_menuitembtn":null,"_menu_loggedinvis":null,"_menu_loggedoutvis":null,"_menu_is_altstyle":null,"_menu_hideheadings":null,"_menu_megatitle":null,"_menu_nocolumnspacing":null,"_menu_item_icon":null,"_menu_item_htmlcontent":null,"_menu_item_width":null,"_wpb_vc_js_status":null,"sf_posts_slider":null,"sf_posts_slider_type":null,"sf_posts_slider_category":null,"sf_posts_slider_portfolio_category":null,"sf_posts_slider_count":null,"sf_no_top_spacing":null,"sf_no_bottom_spacing":null,"sf_page_title_one":null,"sf_page_title_two":null,"sf_enable_one_page_nav":null,"_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":null,"sf_rev_slider_alias":null,"_yoast_wpseo_title":null,"_trp_automatically_translated_slug_ar":null,"_wp_trash_meta_status":null,"_wp_trash_meta_time":null,"_pll_strings_translations":null,"sf_thumbnail_type":"image","sf_thumbnail_link_type":"link_to_post","sf_thumbnail_content_main_detail":"0","sf_detail_type":"image","sf_full_width_display":"0","sf_author_info":"0","sf_social_sharing":"1","sf_related_articles":"1","sf_caption_position":"caption-right","_wp_old_slug":null,"_trp_translated_slug_zh_CN":null,"_trp_translated_slug_hi_IN":null,"_trp_translated_slug_ur":null,"_trp_translated_slug_ja":null,"_trp_translated_slug_ko_KR":null,"_trp_translated_slug_id_ID":null,"_trp_translated_slug_th":null,"_trp_translated_slug_tl":null,"_trp_translated_slug_vi":null,"_trp_translated_slug_ar":null,"_trp_translated_slug_tr_TR":null,"_trp_translated_slug_fa_IR":null,"_trp_translated_slug_pl_PL":null,"_trp_translated_slug_ru_RU":null,"_trp_translated_slug_cs_CZ":null,"_yoast_wpseo_primary_category":"227","_wpas_done_all":"1","_oembed_0d8a0d43767d413f0d141cd1c1681539":null,"_oembed_10d1f5ce1a3220008c6c6908bf11bbfc":null,"_oembed_466095c4a19facbb1e1bc9657b647154":null,"_yoast_wpseo_is_cornerstone":null,"_oembed_d26876d529ea74bc1c50ff0e5e950dc7":null,"_oembed_27e29fe6c7c89d3112d0bb7e5c0ef976":null,"_oembed_4c3ed3f44705e070aa4840058955b1b3":null,"_oembed_681d53b3572248b7ed54dae0ff3eabd9":null,"_oembed_d78743a9af26b0efb7c2f0d05cf9071e":null,"_oembed_6f6921e96658c178e397a59070512682":null,"_oembed_62765b6334a1effa1ba72d677f41c88e":null,"_oembed_ee774d0d033c42a841b3302094b5a2eb":null,"_oembed_8e61eed197947a88f11de98f5d549cbd":null,"_oembed_cf346d7d2b06e094c4785cee49675f35":null,"_trp_automatically_translated_slug_ko_KR":null,"_trp_automatically_translated_slug_tl":null,"_trp_automatically_translated_slug_cs_CZ":null,"_review":null,"sa_slide1_content":null,"sa_slide1_image_data":null,"sa_slide1_link_url":null,"sa_slide1_link_target":null,"sa_slide1_popup_type":null,"sa_slide1_popup_imageid":null,"sa_slide1_popup_imagetitle":null,"sa_slide1_popup_video_id":null,"sa_slide1_popup_video_type":null,"sa_slide1_popup_background":null,"sa_slide1_popup_html":null,"sa_slide1_popup_shortcode":null,"sa_slide1_popup_bgcol":null,"sa_slide1_popup_width":null,"sa_slide2_content":null,"sa_slide2_image_data":null,"sa_slide2_link_url":null,"sa_slide2_link_target":null,"sa_slide2_popup_type":null,"sa_slide2_popup_imageid":null,"sa_slide2_popup_imagetitle":null,"sa_slide2_popup_video_id":null,"sa_slide2_popup_video_type":null,"sa_slide2_popup_background":null,"sa_slide2_popup_html":null,"sa_slide2_popup_shortcode":null,"sa_slide2_popup_bgcol":null,"sa_slide2_popup_width":null,"sa_slide3_content":null,"sa_slide3_image_data":null,"sa_slide3_link_url":null,"sa_slide3_link_target":null,"sa_slide3_popup_type":null,"sa_slide3_popup_imageid":null,"sa_slide3_popup_imagetitle":null,"sa_slide3_popup_video_id":null,"sa_slide3_popup_video_type":null,"sa_slide3_popup_background":null,"sa_slide3_popup_html":null,"sa_slide3_popup_shortcode":null,"sa_slide3_popup_bgcol":null,"sa_slide3_popup_width":null,"sa_slide4_content":null,"sa_slide4_image_data":null,"sa_slide4_link_url":null,"sa_slide4_link_target":null,"sa_slide4_popup_type":null,"sa_slide4_popup_imageid":null,"sa_slide4_popup_imagetitle":null,"sa_slide4_popup_video_id":null,"sa_slide4_popup_video_type":null,"sa_slide4_popup_background":null,"sa_slide4_popup_html":null,"sa_slide4_popup_shortcode":null,"sa_slide4_popup_bgcol":null,"sa_slide4_popup_width":null,"sa_slide5_content":null,"sa_slide5_image_data":null,"sa_slide5_link_url":null,"sa_slide5_link_target":null,"sa_slide5_popup_type":null,"sa_slide5_popup_imageid":null,"sa_slide5_popup_imagetitle":null,"sa_slide5_popup_video_id":null,"sa_slide5_popup_video_type":null,"sa_slide5_popup_background":null,"sa_slide5_popup_html":null,"sa_slide5_popup_shortcode":null,"sa_slide5_popup_bgcol":null,"sa_slide5_popup_width":null,"sa_slide6_content":null,"sa_slide6_image_data":null,"sa_slide6_link_url":null,"sa_slide6_link_target":null,"sa_slide6_popup_type":null,"sa_slide6_popup_imageid":null,"sa_slide6_popup_imagetitle":null,"sa_slide6_popup_video_id":null,"sa_slide6_popup_video_type":null,"sa_slide6_popup_background":null,"sa_slide6_popup_html":null,"sa_slide6_popup_shortcode":null,"sa_slide6_popup_bgcol":null,"sa_slide6_popup_width":null,"sa_slide7_content":null,"sa_slide7_image_data":null,"sa_slide7_link_url":null,"sa_slide7_link_target":null,"sa_slide7_popup_type":null,"sa_slide7_popup_imageid":null,"sa_slide7_popup_imagetitle":null,"sa_slide7_popup_video_id":null,"sa_slide7_popup_video_type":null,"sa_slide7_popup_background":null,"sa_slide7_popup_html":null,"sa_slide7_popup_shortcode":null,"sa_slide7_popup_bgcol":null,"sa_slide7_popup_width":null,"sa_slide8_content":null,"sa_slide8_image_data":null,"sa_slide8_link_url":null,"sa_slide8_link_target":null,"sa_slide8_popup_type":null,"sa_slide8_popup_imageid":null,"sa_slide8_popup_imagetitle":null,"sa_slide8_popup_video_id":null,"sa_slide8_popup_video_type":null,"sa_slide8_popup_background":null,"sa_slide8_popup_html":null,"sa_slide8_popup_shortcode":null,"sa_slide8_popup_bgcol":null,"sa_slide8_popup_width":null,"sa_disable_visual_editor":null,"sa_num_slides":null,"sa_slide_duration":null,"sa_slide_transition":null,"sa_slide_by":null,"sa_loop_slider":null,"sa_stop_hover":null,"sa_nav_arrows":null,"sa_pagination":null,"sa_shortcodes":null,"sa_random_order":null,"sa_reverse_order":null,"sa_mouse_drag":null,"sa_touch_drag":null,"sa_mousewheel":null,"sa_click_advance":null,"sa_auto_height":null,"sa_vert_center":null,"sa_items_width1":null,"sa_items_width2":null,"sa_items_width3":null,"sa_items_width4":null,"sa_items_width5":null,"sa_items_width6":null,"sa_transition":null,"sa_hero_slider":null,"sa_showcase_slider":null,"sa_showcase_width":null,"sa_showcase_tablet":null,"sa_showcase_width_tab":null,"sa_showcase_mobile":null,"sa_showcase_width_mob":null,"sa_css_id":null,"sa_background_color":null,"sa_border_width":null,"sa_border_color":null,"sa_border_radius":null,"sa_wrapper_padd_top":null,"sa_wrapper_padd_right":null,"sa_wrapper_padd_bottom":null,"sa_wrapper_padd_left":null,"sa_slide_min_height_perc":null,"sa_slide_padding_tb":null,"sa_slide_padding_lr":null,"sa_slide_margin_lr":null,"sa_autohide_arrows":null,"sa_dot_per_slide":null,"sa_slide_icons_location":null,"sa_slide_icons_visible":null,"sa_slide_icons_color":null,"sa_thumbs_active":null,"sa_thumbs_location":null,"sa_thumbs_image_size":null,"sa_thumbs_padding":null,"sa_thumbs_width":null,"sa_thumbs_height":null,"sa_thumbs_opacity":null,"sa_thumbs_border_width":null,"sa_thumbs_border_color":null,"sa_thumbs_resp_tablet":null,"sa_thumbs_resp_mobile":null,"sa_info_added":null,"sa_info_deleted":null,"sa_duplicate_slide":null,"sa_info_duplicated":null,"sa_move_slide_up":null,"sa_info_moved":null,"sa_slide_icons_fullslide":null,"sa_other_settings":null,"sa_start_pos":null,"sa_slide1_char_count":null,"sa_slide2_char_count":null,"sa_slide3_char_count":null,"sa_slide4_char_count":null,"_custom_is_editing_review":null,"_response_by":null,"_response":null,"_submitted":null,"_custom_terms_exist":null,"sp_wpcp_upload_options":null,"sp_wpcp_shortcode_options":null,"sf_testimonial_cite":null,"sf_testimonial_cite_image":null,"_yoast_wpseo_primary_testimonials-category":null,"_form":null,"_mail":null,"_mail_2":null,"_messages":null,"_additional_settings":null,"_locale":null,"_hash":null,"_wp_attachment_image_alt":null,"_edit_lock":"1773594298:1","_edit_last":"1","_wp_page_template":"default","slide_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","_thumbnail_id":"16351","_yoast_wpseo_content_score":"60","_yoast_wpseo_estimated-reading-time-minutes":"3","_wp_old_date":null,"_wp_desired_post_slug":null,"sf_page_title":"1","sf_page_title_bg":"none","sf_sidebar_config":"right-sidebar","sf_left_sidebar":"Sidebar-1","sf_right_sidebar":"Sidebar-1","_spb_js_status":"false","sf_background_image_size":"cover","sf_no_breadcrumbs":"0","sf_page_title_style":"standard","sf_page_title_text_style":"light","sf_remove_promo_bar":"0","_last_editor_used_jetpack":"classic-editor","_ez-toc-disabled":"","_ez-toc-insert":"","_ez-toc-header-label":"","_ez-toc-alignment":"none","_ez-toc-heading-levels":[],"_ez-toc-alttext":"","_ez-toc-visibility_hide_by_default":"","_ez-toc-hide_counter":"","_ez-toc-exclude":"","_ez-toc-position-specific":"","_li_love_count":null,"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":null,"_yoast_wpseo_linkdex":null,"_yoast_wpseo_wordproof_timestamp":null,"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":12332,"url":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/what-does-the-proofreading-and-editing-process-involve\/","url_meta":{"origin":13696,"position":0},"title":"What does the Proofreading and Editing Process Involve?","author":"Dana","date":"mai 2, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Key Takeaways Proofreading and editing are two separate tasks. Proofreading catches surface errors (spelling, grammar, punctuation). Editing improves deeper issues (sentence structure, coherence, clarity, academic tone). Editing should always come before proofreading. You restructure first, then catch the small errors last. The proofreading stage covers three main areas: spelling and\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;editing and proofreading&quot;","block_context":{"text":"editing and proofreading","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/editing-and-proofreading\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-does-the-proofreading-and-editing-process-involve.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-does-the-proofreading-and-editing-process-involve.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-does-the-proofreading-and-editing-process-involve.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-does-the-proofreading-and-editing-process-involve.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-does-the-proofreading-and-editing-process-involve.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13736,"url":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-how-do-we-use-it\/","url_meta":{"origin":13696,"position":1},"title":"Qu\u2019est-ce que la virgule d\u2019Oxford et comment l\u2019utilise-t-on\u00a0?","author":"Dana","date":"novembre 8, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Key Takeaways The Oxford comma (also called the serial comma) is the comma placed before \"and\" or \"or\" in a list of three or more items: \"age, gender, and income.\" APA, Chicago, and most academic style guides require it. AP style does not. In academic writing, the Oxford comma prevents\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;language and grammar rules&quot;","block_context":{"text":"language and grammar rules","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/language-and-grammar-rules\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-how-do-we-use-it.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-how-do-we-use-it.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-how-do-we-use-it.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-how-do-we-use-it.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-oxford-comma-and-how-do-we-use-it.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13596,"url":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/ai-machine-vs-human-proofreaders-and-editors\/","url_meta":{"origin":13696,"position":2},"title":"Machines IA contre correcteurs et \u00e9diteurs humains","author":"Dana","date":"octobre 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Key Takeaways AI grammar tools (Grammarly, LanguageTool, Word's built-in checker) are useful for catching surface-level errors: spelling, punctuation, subject-verb agreement, and missing articles. AI tools cannot reliably evaluate logical flow, argument coherence, discipline-specific terminology, the appropriateness of hedging language, or whether a sentence is clear to a reader unfamiliar with\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;editing and proofreading&quot;","block_context":{"text":"editing and proofreading","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/editing-and-proofreading\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-ai-machine-vs-human-proofreaders-and-editors.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-ai-machine-vs-human-proofreaders-and-editors.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-ai-machine-vs-human-proofreaders-and-editors.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-ai-machine-vs-human-proofreaders-and-editors.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-ai-machine-vs-human-proofreaders-and-editors.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13635,"url":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers\/","url_meta":{"origin":13696,"position":3},"title":"Guide de r\u00e9vision et de correction acad\u00e9miques pour les chercheurs non natifs","author":"Dana","date":"septembre 26, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Key Takeaways Editing and proofreading are two different tasks. Editing improves structure, flow, clarity and academic tone. Proofreading fixes grammar, spelling and punctuation. Editing comes first. The most common issues in non-native journal manuscripts are run-on sentences, subject-verb agreement errors, article misuse, overuse of passive voice, and poor coherence between\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;editing and proofreading&quot;","block_context":{"text":"editing and proofreading","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/editing-and-proofreading\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13745,"url":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/the-correct-way-to-use-respectively-in-a-sentence\/","url_meta":{"origin":13696,"position":4},"title":"La mani\u00e8re correcte d'utiliser \u00ab respectivement \u00bb dans une phrase","author":"Dana","date":"novembre 16, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Key Takeaways \"Respectively\" means \"in the order already mentioned.\" It links two parallel lists so the reader knows which item corresponds to which. Both lists must have the same number of items and appear in the same order. If the correspondence is unclear, the sentence needs rewriting. \"Respectively\" always comes\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;language and grammar rules&quot;","block_context":{"text":"language and grammar rules","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/language-and-grammar-rules\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-the-correct-way-to-use-respectively-in-a-sentence.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-the-correct-way-to-use-respectively-in-a-sentence.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-the-correct-way-to-use-respectively-in-a-sentence.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-the-correct-way-to-use-respectively-in-a-sentence.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-the-correct-way-to-use-respectively-in-a-sentence.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13719,"url":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash\/","url_meta":{"origin":13696,"position":5},"title":"Quelle est la diff\u00e9rence entre le trait d'union, le tiret demi-cadratin et le tiret cadratin\u00a0?","author":"Dana","date":"septembre 26, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Key Takeaways The hyphen (-), en dash (\u2013), and em dash (\u2014) are three different characters with three different purposes. Using one in place of another is a formatting error. The hyphen joins compound words and prefixes: \"well-known,\" \"pre-existing,\" \"long-term.\" The en dash indicates ranges (pages 12\u201318, 2020\u20132024) and connections\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;editing and proofreading&quot;","block_context":{"text":"editing and proofreading","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/editing-and-proofreading\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13696"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16112,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13696\/revisions\/16112"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16351"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}