{"id":13748,"date":"2021-09-28T15:14:15","date_gmt":"2021-09-28T15:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/?p=13748"},"modified":"2026-03-22T19:44:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T19:44:46","slug":"capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e8gles de la majuscule en anglais : un guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#The_Basic_Rule_Proper_Nouns_vs_Common_Nouns\" >The Basic Rule: Proper Nouns vs Common Nouns<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Capitalization_in_Headings_and_Titles\" >Capitalization in Headings and Titles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Academic_and_Scientific_Terms\" >Academic and Scientific Terms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Days_Months_Languages_and_Nationalities\" >Days, Months, Languages, and Nationalities<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Acronyms_and_Abbreviations\" >Acronyms and Abbreviations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Capitalization_After_a_Colon\" >Capitalization After a Colon<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Further_Reading\" >Further Reading<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Should_I_capitalise_discipline_names_like_%E2%80%9Cbiology%E2%80%9D_or_%E2%80%9Cpsychology%E2%80%9D\" >Should I capitalise discipline names like &#8220;biology&#8221; or &#8220;psychology&#8221;?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#What_is_the_difference_between_title_case_and_sentence_case\" >What is the difference between title case and sentence case?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Should_%E2%80%9Cinternet%E2%80%9D_be_capitalised\" >Should &#8220;internet&#8221; be capitalised?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide\/#Do_I_capitalise_%E2%80%9Cfigure%E2%80%9D_and_%E2%80%9Ctable%E2%80%9D_when_referring_to_them_in_text\" >Do I capitalise &#8220;figure&#8221; and &#8220;table&#8221; when referring to them in text?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div id=\"bsf_rt_marker\"><\/div><p><!-- KEY TAKEAWAYS --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f0f9ff; border-left:4px solid #1B4FD8; border-radius:8px; padding:24px 28px; margin-bottom:32px; font-family:-apple-system,sans-serif;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 14px 0; font-weight:700; font-size:16px; color:#1e293b;\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0; padding-left:20px; color:#334155; font-size:14px; line-height:1.9;\">\n<li>English capitalises proper nouns (specific names of people, places, organisations, and institutions) but not common nouns (general categories).<\/li>\n<li>In academic writing, the most common capitalization errors involve headings, titles of referenced works, and discipline names.<\/li>\n<li>Title case (capitalising major words) and sentence case (capitalising only the first word) are used in different contexts. APA uses sentence case for reference list titles. Chicago uses title case.<\/li>\n<li>Do not capitalise general academic terms: &#8220;the university,&#8221; &#8220;the participants,&#8221; &#8220;the theory.&#8221; Do capitalise specific names: &#8220;Harvard University,&#8221; &#8220;Grounded Theory&#8221; (when referring to the specific methodology by name).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/academic-proofreading-editing\/\" style=\"color:#1B4FD8;\">PM Proofreading&#8217;s editing service<\/a> checks for consistent and correct capitalization across your entire manuscript.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Capitalization rules in English are more complex than they first appear. The basic rule is simple: capitalise proper nouns (specific names) and the first word of a sentence. But in academic writing, the edges are blurry. Is &#8220;the government&#8221; capitalised? Is &#8220;internet&#8221; capitalised? What about headings, figure captions, and reference list entries? The answers depend on context and style guide.<\/p>\n<p>For non-native English speakers, capitalization is especially confusing because the rules differ between languages. German capitalises all nouns. French does not capitalise days of the week or months. Arabic and many Asian languages do not have upper and lower case at all. If you are writing in English and applying the capitalization conventions of your first language, errors will follow.<\/p>\n<p>This guide covers the capitalization rules that matter most for academic research writing.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Basic_Rule_Proper_Nouns_vs_Common_Nouns\"><\/span>The Basic Rule: Proper Nouns vs Common Nouns<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Proper nouns (specific names) are capitalised. Common nouns (general categories) are not. &#8220;Harvard University&#8221; is capitalised because it is the name of a specific institution. &#8220;The university&#8221; is not capitalised because it refers to universities in general, or to the institution without using its name.<\/p>\n<p>This distinction applies across all categories. People: &#8220;Professor Smith&#8221; (specific) vs &#8220;the professor&#8221; (general). Places: &#8220;Southeast Asia&#8221; (specific region) vs &#8220;the southern region&#8221; (general). Organisations: &#8220;the World Health Organization&#8221; (specific) vs &#8220;the organisation&#8221; (general). Titles of works: &#8220;the Journal of Applied Psychology&#8221; (specific) vs &#8220;the journal&#8221; (general).<\/p>\n<p>A common error in academic manuscripts is capitalising general terms that feel important. &#8220;The Participants were recruited from three Universities.&#8221; Neither &#8220;participants&#8221; nor &#8220;universities&#8221; should be capitalised here because they are common nouns, not specific names.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Capitalization_in_Headings_and_Titles\"><\/span>Capitalization in Headings and Titles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Academic writing uses two capitalization styles for headings and titles, and the choice depends on your style guide.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Title case<\/strong> capitalises the first word, the last word, and all major words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs). Minor words (articles, short prepositions, conjunctions) are not capitalised unless they are the first or last word. &#8220;The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity in Tropical Soils.&#8221; Chicago Manual of Style uses title case for headings.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sentence case<\/strong> capitalises only the first word and any proper nouns. &#8220;The effect of temperature on enzyme activity in tropical soils.&#8221; APA 7th edition uses sentence case for reference list titles and for most headings within the paper (Level 1 headings are bold and title case, but Level 3+ are sentence case).<\/p>\n<p>The most common error is mixing the two styles within a manuscript. If your paper uses sentence case for headings, do not switch to title case for one heading because the topic feels more important. Consistency is the rule.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Academic_and_Scientific_Terms\"><\/span>Academic and Scientific Terms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Most academic and scientific terms are not capitalised. &#8220;Quantum mechanics,&#8221; &#8220;regression analysis,&#8221; &#8220;cognitive behavioural therapy,&#8221; &#8220;grounded theory&#8221; (as a general method) are all lowercase. They are common nouns describing general concepts.<\/p>\n<p>However, some specific theories, tests, and scales are capitalised when they refer to a particular named entity. &#8220;Maslow&#8217;s Hierarchy of Needs&#8221; (a specific named theory). &#8220;The Beck Depression Inventory&#8221; (a specific named instrument). &#8220;Grounded Theory&#8221; (when referring specifically to the methodology as formulated by Glaser and Strauss, though many writers use lowercase even in this case).<\/p>\n<p>Chemical element names are not capitalised (&#8220;sodium,&#8221; &#8220;oxygen&#8221;), but their symbols are (&#8220;Na,&#8221; &#8220;O&#8221;). Species names follow binomial nomenclature: the genus is capitalised, the species is not, and both are italicised (&#8220;Escherichia coli,&#8221; abbreviated to &#8220;E. coli&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>The safest approach is to check a recent paper in your target journal for how they handle the specific terms you are using.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Days_Months_Languages_and_Nationalities\"><\/span>Days, Months, Languages, and Nationalities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In English, days of the week (Monday, Tuesday) and months (January, February) are always capitalised. This differs from French, Spanish, Portuguese, and many other languages where they are lowercase.<\/p>\n<p>Languages and nationalities are always capitalised in English: &#8220;English,&#8221; &#8220;Chinese,&#8221; &#8220;Malaysian,&#8221; &#8220;Arabic.&#8221; Adjectives derived from proper nouns are also capitalised: &#8220;Bayesian statistics,&#8221; &#8220;Euclidean geometry,&#8221; &#8220;Marxist theory.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Seasons are not capitalised in English unless they are part of a specific title: &#8220;the summer of 2023&#8221; (lowercase) vs &#8220;the Summer 2023 Conference&#8221; (capitalised as part of a title).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Acronyms_and_Abbreviations\"><\/span>Acronyms and Abbreviations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Acronyms are written in all capitals: WHO, UNESCO, ANOVA, SEM, GDP. When you spell out the full term on first use, capitalise only if it is a proper noun. &#8220;The World Health Organization (WHO)&#8221; is capitalised because it is the name of a specific organisation. &#8220;Analysis of variance (ANOVA)&#8221; is not capitalised because it describes a general statistical method, not a named entity.<\/p>\n<p>For <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/all-about-abbreviations-in-academic-writing-a-guide\/\">more on abbreviations in academic writing<\/a>, see our dedicated guide.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Capitalization_After_a_Colon\"><\/span>Capitalization After a Colon<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This rule depends on your style guide. APA capitalises the first word after a colon if what follows is a complete sentence. &#8220;The results were clear: The intervention significantly reduced anxiety.&#8221; If what follows is not a complete sentence, do not capitalise. &#8220;The study examined three variables: age, gender, and education.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Chicago Manual of Style does not capitalise after a colon unless what follows is a direct <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/inquire\/\">quotation<\/a> or more than one sentence.<\/p>\n<p>The key, again, is consistency within your manuscript.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Capitalization errors in academic writing are rarely catastrophic, but they are noticeable. An editor or reviewer who sees inconsistent capitalization in headings, random capitalisation of common nouns, or mixed title\/sentence case in the reference list will question the overall care taken with the manuscript. The rules are straightforward once you learn the distinction between proper and common nouns, and between title case and sentence case. After that, it is a matter of following your style guide consistently.<\/p>\n<p style=\"background:#eff6ff; padding:16px 22px; border-radius:8px; font-size:14px; line-height:1.7; margin:28px 0;\">\n  <strong>Want your manuscript checked for consistent formatting and style?<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/academic-proofreading-editing\/\" style=\"color:#1B4FD8; font-weight:600;\">PM Proofreading&#8217;s journal editing service<\/a> covers capitalization, punctuation, grammar, and adherence to your target journal&#8217;s style guide. <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/inquire\/\" style=\"color:#1B4FD8; font-weight:600;\">Upload your manuscript and get a quote.<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Further_Reading\"><\/span>Further Reading<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/overall-english-grammar-review-for-non-native-researchers\/\">Overall English Grammar Review for Non-Native Researchers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/a-quick-guide-to-punctuation-for-non-native-researchers\/\">A Quick Guide to Punctuation for Non-Native Researchers<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/all-about-abbreviations-in-academic-writing-a-guide\/\">All About Abbreviations in Academic Writing: A Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/academic-citations-and-references-a-complete-guide\/\">Academic Citations and References: A Complete Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Should_I_capitalise_discipline_names_like_%E2%80%9Cbiology%E2%80%9D_or_%E2%80%9Cpsychology%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Should I capitalise discipline names like &#8220;biology&#8221; or &#8220;psychology&#8221;?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>No. Academic discipline names are common nouns and are not capitalised in English: &#8220;biology,&#8221; &#8220;psychology,&#8221; &#8220;computer science,&#8221; &#8220;economics.&#8221; They are only capitalised when they are part of a specific department or programme name: &#8220;the Department of Psychology at the University of Melbourne.&#8221; This is one of the most common capitalization errors in academic manuscripts.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_difference_between_title_case_and_sentence_case\"><\/span>What is the difference between title case and sentence case?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Title case capitalises all major words: &#8220;The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity.&#8221; Sentence case capitalises only the first word and proper nouns: &#8220;The effect of temperature on enzyme activity.&#8221; APA uses sentence case for reference list titles and most headings. Chicago uses title case for headings and titles. Check which style your journal uses and apply it consistently.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Should_%E2%80%9Cinternet%E2%80%9D_be_capitalised\"><\/span>Should &#8220;internet&#8221; be capitalised?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>No. &#8220;Internet&#8221; was historically capitalised as a proper noun (referring to the specific <a href=\"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/pm-proofreading-is-global\/\">global network<\/a>), but current major style guides (APA 7th edition, AP style, Chicago 17th edition) all use lowercase &#8220;internet.&#8221; Unless your style guide specifically requires capitalisation, use lowercase.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Do_I_capitalise_%E2%80%9Cfigure%E2%80%9D_and_%E2%80%9Ctable%E2%80%9D_when_referring_to_them_in_text\"><\/span>Do I capitalise &#8220;figure&#8221; and &#8220;table&#8221; when referring to them in text?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It depends on your style guide. APA capitalises &#8220;Figure&#8221; and &#8220;Table&#8221; when followed by a number: &#8220;as shown in Figure 3&#8221; and &#8220;Table 2 presents the results.&#8221; When used generally without a number, they are lowercase: &#8220;the figures in this chapter.&#8221; Chicago does not capitalise these references. Check your target journal&#8217;s convention and apply it consistently.<\/p>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Should I capitalise discipline names like biology or psychology?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Discipline names are common nouns and not capitalised unless part of a specific department or programme name.\"}},\n    {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the difference between title case and sentence case?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Title case capitalises all major words. Sentence case capitalises only the first word and proper nouns. 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Title case (capitalising major words) and sentence case (capitalising only the first word) are used in different contexts. 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The biggest difference between academic writing and other forms\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;academic research writing&quot;","block_context":{"text":"academic research writing","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/academic-research-writing\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-academic-writing-in-research.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-academic-writing-in-research.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-academic-writing-in-research.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-academic-writing-in-research.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-academic-writing-in-research.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13719,"url":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash\/","url_meta":{"origin":13748,"position":4},"title":"Quelle est la diff\u00e9rence entre le trait d'union, le tiret demi-cadratin et le tiret cadratin\u00a0?","author":"Dana","date":"septembre 26, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Key Takeaways The hyphen (-), en dash (\u2013), and em dash (\u2014) are three different characters with three different purposes. 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The hyphen joins compound words and prefixes: \"well-known,\" \"pre-existing,\" \"long-term.\" The en dash indicates ranges (pages 12\u201318, 2020\u20132024) and connections\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;editing and proofreading&quot;","block_context":{"text":"editing and proofreading","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/editing-and-proofreading\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-what-is-the-difference-between-the-hyphen-en-dash-and-em-dash.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13635,"url":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers\/","url_meta":{"origin":13748,"position":5},"title":"Guide de r\u00e9vision et de correction acad\u00e9miques pour les chercheurs non natifs","author":"Dana","date":"septembre 26, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Key Takeaways Editing and proofreading are two different tasks. Editing improves structure, flow, clarity and academic tone. Proofreading fixes grammar, spelling and punctuation. Editing comes first. The most common issues in non-native journal manuscripts are run-on sentences, subject-verb agreement errors, article misuse, overuse of passive voice, and poor coherence between\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;editing and proofreading&quot;","block_context":{"text":"editing and proofreading","link":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/category\/editing-and-proofreading\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-academic-editing-and-proofreading-guide-for-non-native-researchers.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pmproofreading.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/featured-capitalization-rules-in-english-a-guide.webp?fit=1200%2C630&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13748","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13748"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13748\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16114,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13748\/revisions\/16114"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16347"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13748"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13748"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmproofreading.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13748"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}